Organizational Judgment and Decision Making

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Judgment and Decision Making. Answer: Introduction The paradigm shift in manufacturing and industrialization is described by significant changes. These changes are defined by new organizational structures and work plan initiated by the management. Techniques of production have been waivered by technical developmental projects within organizations. Changes due to developmental projects are characterized by the installation of new machinery to support new technology, change of processes for value addition, and restructuring organizational designs. The stated changes come with some responsibilities for which the management should account. These responsibilities ensure that the management is responsible for the wellbeing of the employees as well as the participatory communities by eliminating any risk. Categorically, hazards due to the installation of new machinery to support new technology affect the industry operations, surrounding communities, and individuals within the system. To be specific, hazards due to industrial processes and chemical plant installation range from; physical hazards, chemical, ergonomic, work, and safety hazards. Types of hazards Safety hazards. These types of risks are commonly manifested within the workplace. They include unsafe conditions exposing one to injury, death or illness. Safety hazards include spills on the floor, working from heights for example ladders, scaffolds, or any raised work area, unprotected machinery and moving parts, electricity hazards, confined spaces, and machinery hazards such as boiler safety. Physical hazards. Physical re environmental factors that may harm the body without necessarily coming in contact with the body directly. Physical hazards include ultraviolet radiations from the sun, extreme temperatures, ionizing microwaves, and loud, consistent noise. Chemical hazards. Exposing workers to chemical substances in the form of liquid, gas or solid can cause illness, skin irritation or breathing difficulties. For example, paints and acids, welding solvents, acetylene, carbon and propane, flammable materials like gasoline, and pesticides. Ergonomic hazards. Ergonomic hazards are manifested when the body and working conditions cause straining. Statistics indicate that these type of risks are hard to establish however can be traced via sores, and muscle straining. For example, improper non-adjustable workstations and chairs, awkward, repetitive movements, and vibrations amongst others. Work organization hazards. organization hazards are manifested through stress in short term and straining in long term. Hazards of this nature include huge workload, workplace violence, and inflexibility schedules, poor relations with the management and fellow workers, sexual harassment, and others. Whittaker and Reasons Designing in Safety. Whittaker and Reason strongly urge out the importance of taking precautionary measures via mitigation and redundancy techniques rather than probability calculations. The two authors lay a firm foundation for the use of documentation for design as a fundamental element of safety. Documents serve some purposes within organizations affecting decisions on major activities, product designs, processes, management approaches, and organizational culture amongst others. Strategically, documentation ensures that the company maintains its references and quality, offers historical oversight of future designs, and serves as a proof in lawsuits. Maintenance of references and quality. Documents are regarded important since they allow the organization to initiate and work out many projects simultaneously to completion. For instance, decisions on installing a nuclear plant in the organization to provide electricity for production purposes require a design formulation, an oversight of how the will work and its requirements, and approval of the project by different levels of the management. Documentations thus serve as references to technical issues that enhance maintenance of quality as a result of control over decisions and outcomes. Offers historical oversight for future designs. Understanding past safety or operational issues in earlier projects gives valuable information to designers for exceptional designs. Therefore, an archive system should be initiated for easy access to historical information on future projects decisions such as location or sites. Proof in a lawsuit. Instances where the design is questioned in the lawsuit due to allegations of negligence, documents of design exception are provided as evidence of a deliberate decision arrived at through a concession process from the management and other specialists after evaluating impacts and other alternatives. For example, allegations over a nuclear plant design that emits a lot of heat causing environmental hazards may be pardoned because it is a system failure over document proof limiting the court from taking a legal action against the company. Extra Precautions for Approval of a Nuclear Plant Health surveillance structures. It is important to ensure there is a proper system to check the health condition of workers who are vulnerable to ill health due to exposure to risks from radiations that may occur as a result of system failure. Such may include system controllers, engineers, and plumbers. Additionally, assessment of chemicals should be recorded in experimental notebook adjacent to the process undertaken. Use of material safety data sheets.The sheets offer information on the type of materials used to manufacture components. These may range from data on chemicals, the timeframe for exposure limits, and any other safety information. The information may also include the quantity involved for exposure, the physical form, the stages of infection, and the means by which the exposure occurs, for example, inhaling, ingestion, and cuts. The technique should also allow for measures of control to be applied. Ideally, a less hazardous solution such as working in a fume chamber, or scrubbing devices may be helpful depending on the nature of the hazard. Additionally, personal protective measures such as dust masks, use of impermeable clothing, and gloves may mitigate the hazardous condition. Training. Training gives information on the hazards of materials used. During training, the target audience shall acquire information on functional precautionary measures to be undertaken to evade harm. Such forums allow the users and the specialists to freely interact thus clarification on technical use is made. For example, the ratio of mixing chemical substances and procedures to follow are well spelled out. Use, storage, and disposal of hazardous material are also spelled out, for instance, deactivating flammable and explosives. Restrictive access.Some chemicals are subject to control via licensing due to high risks of misuse. Such chemicals range from those that are used to manufacture illicit drugs substances. Under this category, a restrictive approach is adopted by charging users for license acquisition. Users too should specificity their research area. The second type that is restricted is production, use or possession of chemicals related to warfare. Such category is subject to approval by adequate check of risk assessment plan, issuance of written training records such as military training camps, and security of disposal. Finally, access may be denied due to security alert and fear of terrorism. Diagrammatic Representation of Exceptional Design Documentation Process Description Basic information includes the location and the timeframe of the project. Design elements include the range, or scope ideally target population whereas the criteria outline resources used to obtain the model e.g. David, 2003, Geometry. The explanation is the motherboard since it describes the reasons for the design, the site, cost e.g. construction and social costs, possible impacts, and alternatives. Mitigation includes measures taken whereas explanation on the safety of the location, evaluation process, and other technical resources. Internal Political Bargaining Influence on Important Organizational Decisions Internal political bargaining plays an integral part in forming organizational decisions such as product varieties, range, culture and mode of operation. Practically, the government establishes the fundamental laws on costs, taxation policy amongst others. Politics influence decisions by embracing criteria such as supplier protection against competition, issuing of rewards to organizations and private persons, subsidizing prices, offering incentives, and taking total control by restricting access to sensitive products. Supplier Protection Against Competition The government protects suppliers against competition by granting them exclusive rights so that their products can be easily obtained in the market. In such instances, entry procedures of other firms and competitors are hiked to put them off. For example, in the case of the proposed nuclear plant, the government can give the company a competitive advantage of power production and supply to the main sectors of the economy hence a huge market base. Ideally, states also restrict foreign investments by overtaxing them so that any attempts of entry into the local market will make them operate on losses. Rewards issuance. Rewards may be offered regarding incentives such as tax-free production, free land, and others. Such incentives lure companies and individuals into investment and innovative ideas for economic growth. For example, in a nuclear plant, the government may opt to give land for power production and offer market for the company. Subsidizing prices.The approach is practically applicable in cases where the government pays for production costs on the primary products such as power so that it can be accessed by its citizens all over for an improved livelihood. Restrictive access. The government through the constitution restricts production of sensitive products relating to national security and public health. For instance, production of firearms, ammunition, and drugs can be used to stake the state at risk of terrorist attacks. Therefore, the government solemnly owns production rights of the mentioned products. For example, Department of Internal Security and National Defense and the National Institute of Health play are key producers of defense products and medical products respectively. Trade secret laws. The government deploys devices to ensure organizations maintain their production rights by concealing them. The approach ensures that companies do not sell their innovative ideas to others to increase creativity and innovation. Interaction between National Cultural Norms and Organization's Standards for Corporate Judgment Modern society is described by equal chances and opportunities to all stakeholders as methods of mitigating conflicts. Such a drive has enhanced majority representation within organizations as a cultural identity. Practically, organizational cultures embrace cultural dynamics such as gender, physically challenged persons, and ethnic representation through celebrating cultural days amongst others. Purposively, minority groups receive representation through liberal democracy principles based on individual freedom, social justice, and national unity. Organizational policies equally apply to all without discriminating any irrespective of their characteristics with regards to age, color, gender, tribe, position, amongst other key issues within the range of the organization. A multicultural dimension to the organization is a product of globalization that allows different enterprises to run a corporate business via a supply chain from the manufacturer to the consumer. The level of uniformity describes the supply chain effectiveness among distinct employees from various backgrounds who aim at meeting a similar concessions goal within the product range. Arguably, open communication patterns, collective bargaining and risk taking abilities within the business environment define corporate judgments based on diversification of culture. The stated elements add value to business since creativity is influenced by brainstorming ideas and participation from different people from different regions with different belief and customs. Diagrammatic Representation of Normative Interactions Group Thinking Group thinking is a set of dysfunctional decision-making process that drops alternative courses of action to reach a concessional decision by members' agreement. For instance, in the advent of the risk of exposition to the stated hazards, workers may unite and come up with alternatives to raising their concerns to the management. Practical approaches may range from planning strikes, taking the organization to court, peaceful demonstration, negotiation, or writing to the management amongst other options. Of the five stated options, they may discuss and opt to use negotiation as the best approach dropping all other options. Hence group thinking. Conclusion Conclusively, decision making is a continuous process of the management. Therefore, the stated precautionary measures can apply in daily lives to determine the effectiveness of the systems installed within the corporate world. Reference https://www.filehosting.org/file/details/******/*****%20JDM%20RME%20Jul%****.