Consumerism and Car Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Consumerism and Car visualize - Essay Examplees to stipulation anxiety leads to the idea that the admission of ones mortality puts into perspective elements of status, such as careers, possessions, appearance and fame.2 A need for material possessions represents an attempt to gain approval and acceptance. It is a actual means for people to compensate for their insecurities and doubts about self-worth. The intricate psychological reasoning for these insecurities is as varied as the individuals themselves. Life experiences that frustrate the fulfillment of peoples basic needs such as independence, competency and interrelationships result in feelings that lead to differing levels of materialistic pursuits. This tendency is especially heightened under the current atmosphere of pagan consumerism.3 To deal with cultural pressures and their effects, people may resort to what psychologist term as compensatory consumption. That is, consuming even more than to feel better. This is ironic because this additional consumption often stems from the culture of consumerism itself.4 We, in effect, buy a lifestyle. Brands help turn perceptions into reality, thus encouraging purchases based on fashion and peer/social pressures in order to fit in.5The market has positioned the most physical of products such as cars, in ways that give up a kind of healing to consumers. Consumers have been drawn into a self-willed daze by an outrage of feel-better-about-yourself advertising.6 There are few more powerful desires than the desire to be treated with respect. We long for status and dread humiliation. Status refers to ones value and importance in the eyes of the world and is awarded in relation to financial achievement. Status brings feelings of significance and sense of value that others convey in admiration of ones possessions and by extension, the owner. The purchase of what we perceive others believe as beautiful possessions enable us to feel significant and worthwhile, at leas t for a short time. Cars,

Current Global Economy Deterioration Presents Challenges And Essay

Current Global Economy Deterioration Presents Challenges And Opportunities For the Strategic Human Resource Management - set about ExampleThis report decl ars that while on the one hand the organizations are restricting the HR budgets and placing curbs on the scope and utility of the human resource managers, on the other hand they expect the employees to perform at their maximum and generate unprecedented productivity. This is an added challenge for the HR managers as they have to perform their function to a lower place severely restricted budgets and have to get the employee feel motivated enough to perform at their best. In this situation, some of the things that the HR managers can do is to realign the employees attitudes towards the changed organizational goals.This essay makes a conclusion that strategical human resource management is facing in the event of the global financial crisis reveal that this is a time for the HRM function to reassert itself. It is needed that the HR M be given a more central and finish making position in the organizations vis--vis employees affairs, and that they be treated as strategic business partners and non merely as business support. Most of the challenges like the need to work with immensely limited resources and budgets - are expected to be short term, though HRM can learn several(prenominal) useful lessons for emulating in the future. Further, the crisis offers several opportunities to increase the scope and importance of the HR function and the HR managers should make an active effort towards this.

What to do with waste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What to do with waste - Essay ExampleTo imagine, the amount of wastes existence generated in hundreds of million to billion tonnes per year on a global scale should be dreadful to the point we could not at all afford to neglect the issue and show meager efforts toward event of the encompassing matter. Actually, no exact statistical figures convey the immense number that must be dealt with since in that location ar unreported cases of waste generation in several countries yet we can only be certain of the fact that waste quantities increase as they vary in direct proportion with gracious activities, material and zero consumption, as well as the widely experienced technological growth finished time. The world has long struggled at managing waste disposals and treating wastes due chiefly to insufficient funds and appropriate field of study that lack resources in terms of skilled researchers or interested experts who whitethorn be project together as solid passionate teams in cr eating ideas and innovating systems that efficiently address waste problems. Given this ever-worsening scenario, thus, we are brought to ask in serious enthusiastic tone What do we and can we really do virtually our wastes on this planet in order to save m opposite nature, human health, and probably settle other critical concerns thereafter? At one aspect, we can think of the fossil fuel crisis that affects almost everyone in the world and consider the equivalence fossil fuels make with contemporary wastes. By common knowledge, we are certain that fossil fuels are derived from organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals that undergo inherent process of anaerobic decomposition. It unremarkably takes 700 million years for decaying plant and animal matters to be fossilized upon exposure to extreme levels of heat and pressure. So how exactly would wastes, in relative measure, account for the risks of fossil fuel depletion? The point of advantage lies at discovering wastes as p ossible substitute for fossil fuels based on similar useful components much(prenominal) as coal, natural gas, oil, or petroleum which may be recovered from a bulk of wastes organic composition. A undefeated content analysis must illustrate, by comparative studies, how wastes could feasibly become a good alternative for such non-renewable source of energy as their commonalities basically indicate that wastes are rich in carbon, hydrogen, and other elements undecided of evolving heat energy upon combustive mechanisms. Once we have wholly figured such feasibility of producing energy with wastes through large volumetric yields of hydrocarbons, the next approach would be to come up with practical tools and methods germane(predicate) for the task. Hence, realizing the full potential of wastes in the context of possibly replacing fossil fuels should in part resolve to the main query. Moreover, in the attempt to carry out energy conversions via exothermic reactions with wastes in soli d and volatilized states, it would be necessary to establish medium to large-scale fuel plants just as what Dr. Martin Linck proposed to do in aiming for a 300,000-gallon per day production of fuel. An article written by Earth Times online columnist Dave Armstrong authorise What to do with waste? Make our own fossil fuels notes Dr. Lincks attendance and discourse during the 244th meeting of the American Chemical Society in Philadelphia where a scientific breakthrough known as the Integrated Hydropyrolysis and Hydroconversion address (IH2) was introduced. According to Armstrong, IH2 was developed by Dr. Lincks Gas Technology Institute (GTI) in Des Plaines henry from the waste and many cheaper catalysts move the processes by which the feedstock raw materials are converted into the oily products. Apparently, in this setting, wastes encipher a type of modern technology which would manufacture gaseous hydrogen and oils as ready-to-use fuels. At this stage, we may further extend tho ught to the probability of adopting designs for fuel production at optimum level and we may to some degree be glad on

Difficulties of Vocabulary Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Difficulties of Vocabulary Learning - Essay ExampleIn order Arabian students to effectively gain knowledge of face talking to, such factors as learn, translation, mass media and diplomacy are requisite.English is an factor of learning at various stages in the educational system of Saudi Arabia. This function justifies the choice of the look paper theme Literacy Vocabulary and Difficulties of learning new words (mental lexicon) in FL classes and the use of songs to promote vocabulary learning . English is the only foreign language taught in educational, industrial and governmental institutions. Employees are required to learn English hard because advertisements for job openings in private sector areas emphasize the employers preferences for potential employees who displace speak English. Mass media development is another medium for the presence of English in Saudi Arabia. wizard of the two national Saudi TV stations, channel 2, is the English Channel (Braine) European langua ge radio receiver station, with broadcasting in English and some in French is 24 hours a day on air English daily newspapers, the Arab News, the Daily Riyadh, and the Saudi Gazette are also proofs of English brilliance for Arabs.New researches of modern scientists are directed on second language (English) teaching methods improvement. Guarantees of successful teaching methodology in FL classes are the following four components objective, content, teaching method, and student evaluation techniques (Braine, 2005). Therefore the main(prenominal) objectives for any teacher in FL class is to teach students to speak, read, and listen with grasping the main ideas of contemporary English discourse and to compose semantic passage of up to half a page about a simple subject or incident. Furthermore students should gain enough language knowledge for communication abilities in the outside world. The latter objective can be reached in case of proper four language skills- sense of hearing, read ing, speaking, and writing mastering. For Arabian students the most common focus of English language training in FL classes is English for academic purposes. Arabian students with limited English proficiency should be able to deal with the linguistic demands of higher(prenominal) education in their subject area (Braine, 2005). Therefore at the end of the period of training in FL class, it is supposed that learners will gain satisfactory skills in academic English enabling them to study freely in English. Nevertheless, a lot of Arabian students feel themselves unconfident concerning the level of English skills obtained. Thus it is of high magnificence to find a perfect possibility to practice new words knowledge. Of course, communication with native speakers is an undoubtedly perfect method. However not every academic institution has such a possibility. Thus listening to the songs in English is a medium of native speakers speech transfer. Further on it is necessary to course credi t that the usage of songs in Arabian students education process is briefly overviewed in a small amount of works. Of course there

Discussion 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Discussion 6 - Essay ExampleAristotle also explained that care degeneracy at alcove can divine service in combating regime degradation. Individual should not coiffe corruption in order to ensure continuity in the society. When individuals put corruption at bay magistrate will do fair judgment to the people.The factors explained by Aristotle do not help in preventing corruption because individuals learn from those in power. Corruption has been taking place in the society through learning. The people in office teach the new employee on how to increase their earning. Observation of the factors explained by Aristotle can not help in combating corruption because the government systems plays big role in influencing corruption. People are underpaid and they have to take in survival means. Lessons which have contemporary relevance are things like education about constitution. When people enkindle up trained or educated in respect to constitutional demands they will comply with the en dure of law and stay away from evil and

National Park Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

discipline Park - Research Paper ExampleFurthermore, primeval indications of human adjustment to virtually unsympathetic environment are also present (UNESCO, 2013). In 1979, the putting green was named a UNESCO World inheritance Site (UNESCO, 2013) and in 2010, through the America the Beautiful Quarters program, it was revered with its own personal coin. Nature and Science sybaritic Canyon National Park possesses a geological uniqueness that is manifested by its rare physical characteristics. impertinent some national parks, the Grand Canyon, as what it is famously known, stages a wide-ranging structure of tributary canyons (NPS, 2013), which in addition conjoins size, depth, and bared layers of vibrant and multi-coloured rocks. The canyon is whittled verboten by the cut of the Colorado River. The park is generally split into two main public theater of operationss The North Rim and the South Rim. The remainder of the park is very rocky, bleak, and well-nigh isolated nevert heless, many of these distant locations can be reached by backcountry roads and pack trail. Moreover, the park does not only boast its well-polished, smooth rocks, but it also shows off its evergreen forests that makes the park a be intimate package for tourists and hikers alike. This rich diversity has further been proven by the identification of 1000 plant species arrange in the park (UNESCO, 2013). Environmental Factors and Issues Recently, Uranium mining has become rather common in the area (Richardson, 2011 Reese, 2010). Thus, environmental factors that may cause some degree of damage to the park have become a concern to its managers. It has been observed that for more than five decades, there have been found radioactive residues that are accruing in and around the Grand Canyon (Richardson, 2011). Nowadays, the National Park Service warns the visiting public to forefend insobriety and bathing (Grand Canyon Trusts, 2012) in the Colorado River surrounding the Grand Canyon. Wh ile to infer that the water contamination brought about by the radioactive residues found in the Colorado River is not definitive and conclusive, indeed, the mining and imparting of radioactive materials can potentially cause pernicious effects not just to the plants, but most importantly, to the people visiting the canyon. Today, a 20 year moratorium has been ordered by Ken Salazar, Secretary of the Interior, to avoid mining activities in and around the canyon (Grand Canyon Trusts, 2012). Natural Features and Ecosystems Grand Canyons bionomical and geological richness are displayed in various forms, magnificence and environmental significance. A World Heritage Site, Grand Canyon National Park holds more than a lot of natural features and ecosystems that could absolutely assume every persons eyes. Caves and Karst System Grand Canyon National Park contains an estimated 1000 caves called speleothems (NPS, 2013) although, out of this number, there are only about 330 that have been recorded or inventoried. The caves found in the park are distinctive in shape and location. Unlike the usual caves that we see, the caves in the Grand Canyon bump out of the plateaus laterals. These caves have also unusual shapes and takes irregular forms. According to the National Park Service (2013), archaeological remains have been found in some of these caves i.e. split-twig figurines and do have unique biological systems. In addition to caves, Grand Canyon is widely known for its karst system the geological formation formed by the disbanding of layers such as limestone. The park

Healing Process Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Healing Process Nursing - Essay ExampleHowever, the overall diversity of the unearthly beliefs whitethorn make it comparatively difficult for the healthc are service providers to critical evaluate and translate all the opposite aspects. In consideration of this, this paper will therefore discuss the results of interviews taken from Sikh, Jain and Bahai patients to understand their perspective on healing and health care. Spiritual Perspective on healing correspond to our Sikh patient, the heaven-sent name is considered as the healing medium through which healing could occur. According to their belief, those ailments which raftnot be fleeed can vanish with the name of the perceive. As such the spiritual perspective of this patient regarding healing is entirely based upon connecting the divine name and heals through that. Jain religion is considered as similar to the Buddhism as teachings of both are relatively similar. According to our Jain patient, her spiritual perspective i s rather based upon the supposition and adapting a holistic come towards life. This therefore ensures healing because extracting sample forbidden of the body can heal according to Jain spiritual practices. BahaI perspective on healing is based upon the use of relaxation as well as adequate nutrition to achieve health. Our patient suggests that she believes that good relaxation as well as stress free living genuinely allows our souls to heal our bodies. Critical Components of Healing According to Sikh spiritual practices, meditation of the name of the divine is the most distinguished component of achieving health. This therefore requires the person to actually focus on the name and allow the frequencies of that name to merge with the person to get healed. Apart from this, there is also a degree of faith involved because every person is required to have that faith before they can actually use the divine name to achieve the healing. Further, according to Jain religion, it is medi tation which is most important to achieve the health benefits and connect the healing process. It is believed that meditation is the starting point in Jain traditions to actually start the healing process. Apart from this, focus on a typical diet is also some early(a) critical component of healing as it is believed that contrasting foods have the healing powers and can expedite this process. According to BahaI traditions, focus on good diet is the starting component to achieve the healing withal focusing on the prayer as the essential component of healing. Prayer has also been discussed in different literature to have an impact on the healing. (Ameling., 2000). Another important component is achieving gradual relaxation and how to overhaul the stress from the body. It is therefore critical for a person to ensure that gradual and short bursts of relaxation are achieved either through meditation or other means to actually get the stress out of the body. This would ensure that the body develops its own fighting mechanism to deal with different ailments. Different Spiritual Beliefs In a multi-cultural as well as multi-faith society it is relatively difficult for the Nurses and healthcare services providers to fling complete spiritual support to the patients to get healed. The diversity of the spiritual practices therefore makes it relatively difficult for the healthcare providers to accommodate or deal with. (MacLaren, 2004) However, all three patients believe that what is important is whether the healthcare service provider can actually understand their spiritual needs. This is therefore regardless of the fact that whether the belief system of the healthcare service provider is relatively different from their own. This suggests that patients are relatively more interested in whether the nurses and other staff can actually unde

The Painted Veil Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The particolored Veil - Literature review ExampleW. Somerset Maughams novel the Painted Veil is at once recognized as a 20th century classic. The novel itself takes its claim from a Percy Bysshe Shelley sonnet that states, bunco not the painted veil which those who live / Call Life (Maugham, ix). sensation considers that both the sonnet and the title hold a great degree of insight into the novels inter-workings. Specifically, the novel follows a var. of characters through personal challenges and foibles that are revealed after removing the metaphorical painted veil. This recognition carries with it a make out of direct questions for the novel. For instance, is the work a bildungsroman -- a novel of exploitation or is it merely a go over of gentle weaknesses? This essay argues that the novel functions to demonstrate that bread and butter is the continual negotiation between moments of development and sympathetic weakness, and as such the central theme is one of adaptation and diversify. Analysis Throughout the novel nasty percentage points of change occurs, most notably in spate Fanes life. The most notable developmental change in Kittys life occurs in direct relation to the specific places she lives and the people she encounters. One considers Kitty Fanes life throughout the early stages of the novel as largely seeking a more firmly established identity or purpose. In the early stages of the novel Kittys weak identity is established as she faces pressure from her commence to marry. The text notes that, Mrs. Garstin was a hard, cruel, managing, ambitious, parsimonious, and stupid char (Maugham, p. 19). This cruel and managing influence becomes a central playing area of concern in the novel as it drives much(prenominal) of Kittys decision-making. Not being able to recognize her mothers social ambitions, Kitty rushes herself into an unhappy marriage with Walter Fane. Of course a notable shift in Kittys life occurs as she moves to Mei-tan-fu. Up on moving here, Kitty states, I feel like one of those old cruiseors who set sail for undiscovered seasand I think my soul hankers for the unknown (Maugham, p. 153). This is a highly significant statement inwardly the text as it indicates that Kitty has achieved a new purpose in life. To an extent the notion of this area as contributing to Kittys new purpose in life is directly attributed to her meet involved with the French nuns these individuals work with the poor and take care of the orphans in the area. One considers that throughout a great portion of Kittys life her actions have been motivated out of self-interest and her mothers irrational expectations. Her move to Mei-tan-fu then has allowed her to remove herself from her dysfunctional and ineffective adulterous affair with Charlie Townsend, as well as discover and throw herself into a life-pursuit that extends beyond her immediate self-interests. These are both things that she could not achieve in London or in colonial Ho ng Kong. While Mei-tan-fu largely represents a period of awakening and stability for Kitty one recognizes that this peace is soon punctured by further moments of human weakness and strife. Despite Kittys new sense of purpose, her relationship with Walter is still recognized as containing considerable strife. Even Kittys newfound purpose and stability is not able to castigate the situation with Walter. It is not long before he gains epidemic cholera. It seems that to an extent Maugham implements Walters cholera as a sort of symbolic comment on the nature of their relationship as sick of dysfunctional. The text states, I do not know what Walter has in that dark, twisted mind of his, but Im shake with terror. I think it may be that death will be really a pink slip (Maugham, p. 220). While Kitty is vague as to whose death would be a release it seems clear that the cholera in this instance functions outside of the direct realms of a plot device and more in name of a symbolic comment on the nature of the relationship. From the perspective of the novel as one of development it seems

Why People Should be Concern about Global Warming Effects Essay

Why People Should be Concern about Global Warming Effects - set about ExampleAmong the environmental issues today is Global Warming. This is the effect of releasing too much(prenominal) Carbon Dioxide to the air. This commingle will break up the bonds of the layer of compound that protects our atmosphere from UV rays and too much estrus of the sun. When there is a lot of Carbon Dioxide in the air, it will thin up the ozone layer that protects every(prenominal) inhabitants in the earth. The ozone layer in the earths atmosphere serves as protection from the suns heat and radiation. Without this layer of gasses, Suns heat penetrates much and it will be impossible for life to exist.There are a lot that ca manipulations of global warming. i of the pretends of this environmental issue is the gasses released by power plants. This is the cause of more than a third of U. S. Carbon Dioxide expelling (Public Interests Research, 2001). An new(prenominal) cause also is from the trucks an d vehicles gasses. It has been known that a third of U. S. CO2 emission is due to these vehicles. Among the other causes are CFCs from thermobaric bombs and refrigerators, burning of fossil fuel, and burning of plastic (Save the Environment p.2).Big plants and companies around the world has been outlay million or even billion of dollars skillful to get away about this issue. They had spent a lot just to discredit those scientific researches that prove that they cause harmful effects not just on humans health but to our environment directly. Some of these power coalitions are powerful and known oil, power, and railway car companies who followed the lead of tobacco companies. Not only are those companies that contributed this present issue of global warming. Aside from those we are to blame also our trucks and vehicles for contributing for this problem.CFC or Chlorofluorocarbon that are present in aerosol spray, air-conditioning unit and refrigerators is one of the major causes of global warming. Almost residences in earth do have refrigerators we use refrigerators to avoid spoilage of our food or food preservations. Air-conditioning unit is known also to offices and other establishments for change the surrounding. Aerosols are rampantly used for hair spray, air freshener and even spray paints (Webster Encyclopedia, p. 28). Another major cause of global warming is burning of fossil fuels. The gasses produced of this burning can largely cause global warming and may even leads to greenhouse effects. Burning fossil fuels somehow cant be avoided since a lot of us are dependent in this kind of energy or power source. This will cause the passion up of the earths surface because these gasses accumulate to the upper atmosphere. Solar radiation can then passes through and come through the earth but heat is prevented from radiating back. This will then cause to the increase of Earths atmospheric temperature. ductile burning or incineration is even not excused on th e problem of global warming. The burning of this synthesized somatic can also contribute to the said issue. Since plastics are inorganic materials and therefore do not dilapidate (Webster Encyclopedia p. 654) there a lot of us burn it to dispose. Some do these because even if you setose or put plastics in compose pits, it never decay and disintegrate. As we look at our life-style today people love to use those trendy plastic bags and forgot the effect it may give to our

Bodies of United Nations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bodies of joined Nations - Essay casefulThis paper illustrates that the United Nations organization has 192 Member states which have to follow the rules laid down by the UN in the general assembly along with 5 permanent states and 10 non-permanent states in the Security Council. It also has an scotch and Social Council which has 54 members and an international court of justice consisting of fifteen judges. It has a Trusteeship council and a secretariate which are discussed subsequently. The United Nations through its five bodies is helping to maintain international administration in much(prenominal) a way that the whole world remains in peace and harmony. It is basically acting as a judge of politics so that countries do non fight or the populations of the countries do not suffer either financially or physically because of any threat. In order to develop a norm for all the countries, international laws are laid down by the United Nations which have to be followed by all the mem ber countries. These international laws are regulated by treaties between the UN and the countries. These treaties are wide-cut as they consider many aspects of the society such as human rights, refugees, and border restrictions. The question at present arises as to if the United Nations has remained successful in achieving its objectives or not. This question evoke be vox populied from several perspectives as some would view the role of United Nations to be limited to only the betterment of itself, however, some would view the UN to be an organization which is working for the betterment in the society. Rwanda Genocide is cited to be one of the failures by the United Nations organization which shows that the UN has not been very successful in achieving its objectives. On the contrary, many other successful scenarios of UN can also be analyzed all over the world which shows that they have regulated international politics in such a way that many wars have been avoided. An example of Indo Pak can be cited here(predicate) which was stopped with the help of UN intervention.

Implementation Plan Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Implementation Plan - pillowcase Study ExampleThis design of the proposed system will save on cost and subsequently ontogeny the profit margins by the end of the financial year.The implementation report will also highlight on the systems approach for building a technological software application that universally integrates all the end exploiter entities within a central information system. Automation of this attend passes will go through particular software development phases. These processes start from feeling the need of automation (Requirement analysis) to reaping the benefits of automation (project execution) within the proposed environment.In commodious organizations like the DaimlerChrysler (DC) Company the implementation partners in this project have to be kept informed in order to ensure a fruitful completion of the implementation political platform. A poor implementation in important IT project like this one may result in big operational troubles, vast business loss o r even closure of operations. Identifying and examining the business goals of this project form the basis for achieving the objectives of the IT project proposed for the DaimlerChrysler (DC) Company.The project goals and objectives mainly define the sole purpose for carrying out the implementation of the technology project. The objectives of this implementation plan can be divided into two sections, namelyThe sharing of technical and general information, for example, the CATIA files can be easily communicated to both internal and external entities authorized to participate or interact with the organizations system.This is achieved via consolidating activities for the various entities involved with the system. For example, the time for suppliers to make and receive approval orders for mechanical is greatly reduced.Operating a universal or unified system that can be monitored from a central or out-of-door location by a system admin facilitates reducing corruption or fraud that might

Blacks Leisure Group Board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Blacks vacant Group Board - Essay ExampleHence, for the development and sustenance of a emulous wages the marketing planner of a company needs to recognize that the advantage an organisation or brand possesses that is meaningful will be copied or improved upon by competitors sooner rather than afterwards (Wilson R. and Gilligan C., 2005, p 405). Established a century and a half earlier in 1863, by doubting Thomas Black, the Blacks Leisure Group has come a long way from being a humble sails manufacturing company to a camping, outdoor and sporting goods retail empire. Today, for millions of those out-door loving enthusiasts, the company is more of an institution that a genuine retail store. Presently, the Black Leisure Group holds a powerful presence within two of the sole(prenominal) markets in which the company operates Broadwear and Outdoor. Currently the management team of the group is focusing on restoring and, developing and sustaining its agonistic advantage. The manage ment is also concentrating on building upon the disciplines of operational improvements that was achieved in the current financial year (Black Leisure Group plc, 2008). However, to in order to return to its past performance levels and to develop and sustain its competitive advantage an innovative business strategy with further radical changes will be required. To be able to prosecute horns with other competitors and to come on top in the present era of fasted paced innovation and ruthless competition, the sustainability and competitive advantage of companies are defined by innovative strategies.Henceforth, in order to conceive of a embodied strategy through the company will successfully be to develop and sustain its competitive advantage, commencement exercise a better understanding of the link between strategy and competitive advantage is a must. strategy and Competitive Advantage According to the definition of competitive advantage, it as an advantage gained everywhere competi tors by religious offering the consumers a greater value for their investments either by means of low prices or by the furnish of greater benefits that does justice to higher prices. For a company to gain a competitive advantage over its competitors Michael E. Porter has identified four generic business strategies (Porter E.M, 1980). These generic strategies relate to the extent to which the scopes of a business activities are delimitate against the extent to which a business seeks to differentiate its products. The four strategies are as follows Differentiation Strategy This strategy is based on studying the different criteria used by consumers while buying products and selecting one or more of these criteria and then positioning the business to meet the chosen criteria. This differentiation strategy is all close to charging a premium price for a product that covers the added production costs, ensuring profit and as well as giving the consumers obvious reasons to choose the pro duct over the other less or not secernate products. The examples of differentiation strategy can be better understood with case studies of Mercedes cars and Bang & Olufsen Company (Porter E.M, 1980).

Employment Law, First Examination (Essay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Employment Law, First Examination ( - Essay ExampleTo be noned, milliampere Mia operates by dint of a total of around 1000 employees, which is greater than the minimum required coat to be classified as a Title VII included club, whereby the employees are protected beneath the provisions of the Civil Rights procedure (US Equal Employment hazard Commission, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964). Security, Inc. However, in doing so, she will have to prove few elements, which will support her action of whistle blowing. Laws and elements that Jill ineluctably to prove. In order to avail the benefits liable to her for whistle blowing against the sexual harassment she had to face in Momma Mia, Jill has to prove that she is an employee in the company and not an strong-minded contractor by policy as was mentioned in her contract. In order to prove that she was an employee and correspondingly, justify the contractual term free contractor as void, Jill needs to satisfy the 6 si lk criteria as was declared in accordance to the case of Schultz v. upper-case letter Intern. Security, Inc. No. 05-1192. 460 F.3d 595 (2006) (Leagle, Schultz v. Capital Intern). ... o share the profit/loss of the company depending on their managerial skills, which signifies the second silk element and hence should be proved by Jill to obtain the legitimate rights in the case. The third silk factor states than an independent contractor and not an employee will have rights to invest in the resources to make the work done in the best interest of the company. As Jill did not make any much(prenominal) investment and also because no such clause was mentioned in her contract, she can prove that was an employee in Momma Mia. However, a critical sympathy to the factors depict that the fourth and the fifth silk factors do not clearly advocate in favor of Jill entirely also do not oblige Momma Mia to suffice the conditions required to prove Jill as an independent contractor to the company . In the sixth silk factor, Jill can prove the significance of her job role in the company as a public relations manager, which in turn would suffice her stance as an employee and not as an independent contractor to Momma Mia (Juffras, 2008). Jill can furthermore prove the filling process of the company, through which she was hired, as unjustifiable and irrelevant for the position on offer. In the selection process, the employers intended to select candidates on the basis of their physical appearances where the educational merits along with other professional skills commonly argued as mandatory for such a job role became decorative features. Additional preference to females rather than to males also indicates towards the fallacy of the selection process, which might turn the case in favor of Jill. Correspondingly, taking the advantage of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), Jill can also file for privacy rights violation conducted by the employer in her interview

Development of LED Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Development of LED - interrogation Paper ExampleThe smartness-emitting diode produces light that is uniformly dispersed, and the return of the light is equally dispersed everywhere the lens that makes them brighter than the lamps of incandescent. Light-emitting diodes are efficient in dynamism and can produce a light output of up to ninety percent while producing very little heat while the bulbs of incandescent take back heat by using ninety percent of there expertness. An additional loss of energy is experience in the lamps of incandescent when it comes to its use in the traffic signal. This is so as it only produces white light which has to be filte ruby-red for a traffic signal. On the other hand, light-emitting diode produces light that are colored, therefore, battery-acid not need any filtering out. All the energy produced is intense around one colored band, and no energy is wasted on colors that are undesired.The need for finding a way to the reduction of the energy con sumption and reduction in the global warming is the drive for the development of energy saving galvanising device. The innovation of the light-emitting diode has greatly contributed to energy conservation. However, the little problem face by the device is that it dose not operate efficiently in regions that experience snow and in the very cold environment. However, the technologies in developing heat sink which will transfer heat that is produced at the junction to the recommended areas of the light location the problem will be solved. The device will work well in all the climatic condition (Gu, Alex and Nadarajah, pg 1-10).Light emitting diodes are p-n junction devices that are constructed using semiconductors such as atomic number 31 phosphide, gallium arsenide, or gallium arsenide phosphide emitting light in the far IR (940m), red or yellow and red or green regions respectively. In a light-emitting diode, the light color depends on the semiconductors used band gap, as the gap i ncreases, the light changes from red, orange, yellow,

Life Of Goebbels And His Propaganda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Life Of Goebbels And His Propaganda - Essay ExampleGoebbels believed that the Jews were an obstacle to Germans success and that Jews refused to be real Germans. With all these intrigues, Goebbels was ply up with life and did not see the need to even get up from bed to get at a job that could not satisfy his needs. His semipolitical career begun in Sep 27th, 1924 when he started to write about political and heathen issues affecting the people of German, and in this case, the Germans themselves. National Socialism is what he advocated for because he was of the opinion that traditional religions played no role in deliberating Germans from slavery and political divide. Nevertheless, his trip to make things work out was met with challenges. For instance, in 1928, he was accused of being a homosexual something he claims was just propaganda to disrupt his efforts of liberating the people of German. Points of interest Determination- With many deliberations on the journey of Goebbels and his fight for Germs liberation, it is apparent that courageously was in him and that he could not stop at any anything less than the victory of his people and his party. Propaganda- In addition, the use of propaganda seems to have been the game of the day as political battles heavily relied on it. The impersonation was a great trait that made Hitler popular especially due to his powerful speeches. His facial expressions and gestures were some of the tactical maneuver Goebbels admits to having admired most from him. Goebbels believed in using every means possible to acquire political and cultural victory on what he believed was the foundation of the good life to all Germans. Arguments Although Goebbels was a powerful political and cultural activist, there is some aspect of lack of realism and abuse of human rights. Goebbels advocated for war in order to win political supremacy.

Holger Heyn et al. Distinct DNA methylomes of newborns and Assignment

Holger Heyn et al. Distinct DNA methylomes of newborns and centenarians PNAS 2012 paper and answer the following questions - engagement Exampletarget points in the experiment not only because they contain methyl groups but in addition the researchers wanted to strengthen the study through CpG results, because they make the DNA strands which happen to play a life-and-death role in human aging. In relation to methylation, CpG regions tend to have a high limit of methylomes hence were the most suitable for the study.3. 12- 16 Whole Genome bisulphite sequencing of all the samples newborn, centenarian and intermediate, was done to identify the methylation status. Also, a microarray of 450000 CpG methylation samples were included in the experiment. WGBS was hence performed for all the samples. For the newborn, fresh cord blood with permit from the parents was acquired for the experiment period for the old age his CD4 positive T cells were used. The intermediate sample was from a twent y six social class old. All the three samples were from Caucasian males.4. The methylation status in the three samples was different but formed a final curve in the results. The centenarian DNA had low methylomes compared to those in a newborns DNA. Moreover, there is genuinely low correlation in methylation of the CpG positions that are near the DNA. The intermediate sample was between the two, meaning is was randomness in the level of methylation. The CpG that were densely methylated in centenarian sample were located in special genomic regions such as the promoters and more were on Island promoters than the poor promoters.5. Alternative methods used apart from WGBS included the decision of the DMRS which are the differentiated methylated regions in the DNA of the two main samples. This method involved checking the summation length of identical CpGs in the two samples by counting those that have a continuous self-consistent flow of methylation status. Moreover, an identified map of CpG that showcases a microarray of the 450000 samples use. The results from the map were then compared to those from WGBS.6. The six genes from WGBS that were identified as

Locke and Hobbes Essay Example for Free

Locke and Hobbes EssayHow does the founders fool of power affect the framers reactions to John Locke? tally to Locke, how does man enter the political society and what is the purpose of that society? What obligations does the organisation have in the cultivated society? What obligation does the individual have? How do Hobbes and Locke differ? Do you think Americans would agree with Locke? You may read the first paragraphs of the Declaration of Independence to assist you. What evidence do you have to support your view?The founders believed that the power of political science should be limited, so it doesnt trample on peoples natural rights. The framers thus wrote in guarantees that the administration could not usurp individual freedoms. Locke believed that citizens gave their consent to the government so that society would operate freely and safely. governing body should ensure equal opportunity and protection of political and property rights.The individual is obligated to participate in the political process, but abide by the governments rules. Hobbes is more pessimistic about how violent the state of spirit would be and is therefore willing to give the government more power than Locke is. Yes, Americans seem happy that the government has power, but individuals retain rights as well. Unlike many countries, the United States has never had a revolt against its government in the last 200 years (The Civil War was something very different.)

Environmental Pollution Essay Example for Free

Environmental Pollution EssayLos Angeles, California subscribe to been experiencing a ripening population within our city. The increase population in this city has ca employ an increased pressure on the floor and natural resources that are commence to affect our environment. The expansion of the city has cut deeper into the rural areas that are create problems to the environment, such as a loss in our wetlands, water defilement, biological habitats, and air pollution. The ca implement of the growing population has led to a high density of factories, automobiles, and commercial enterprises in Los Angeles. The population growth is beginning to create many environmental problems that are giving Los Angeles economic, and environmental consequences.Theresa Carter, an associate-level environmental scientist, has suggested four legal professionments of the city council for addressing the pollution management. She has suggested to Encouraging alternative transportation, walking, and bicycle use, Promoting fuel-efficient railroad gondolas, Improving roads, and Encouraging carpooling.The encouragement of alternative transportation is massive on the priming coat environment and the health of human worlds. The advancement of meliorate roads drive out also improve the transportation of masses, reduce cars accidents, and can allow mess to compost what was used. Compost helps improve soil, so it holds more than water and plants grow better. Carpooling is a very effective climate change, because it allows one car to be used to carry different people to work and another(prenominal) places. For instance, eight people wanted to drive their car from Los Angeles to Apple valley. Los Angeles is an hour and a half drive away.Instead of using eight different cars and consumption money oneight different fossil fuels to fuel their cars, one person can use a van to carry all the co-worker to one location saving, hundreds of dollars and used of savable fossil fuel s. When people use walking, bicycling, and carpooling at least twice a week it can cut the greenhouse mess up emission at 1,600 pound per year. The promotion of fuel efficient vehicles allows the waste of fuel not to be used and helps protect the future cost of fossil fuels.When humans trade a car for a bicycle, it do not only improve their and the ecosystem health, It allows humans to fight obesity and rely on other ways to get around. Some persons may argue that fuel efficient cars are a great expense, but it can also be a significant improvement to get their health in order. It can do this by removing pollution from the air and gathering into their lungs. Bicycling is exercise, and many people need become obese by sitting around and driving, while not doing nothing to benefit their health. go-cart crashes are more than twice as likely to occur in areas without sidewalks streets with sidewalks on both sides have the fewest crashes. Streets without safe places to walk, cross, cat ch a bus, or bicycle put people at risk. everyplace 5,000 pedestrians and bicyclists died on U.S. roads in 2008, and more than 120,000 were injured (Reynolds, C, p. 22, 2009). Improvements of new roads and fuel efficient cars can be a massive expense, but the is an excellent conservation of people lives, and deter of greenhouse gases being released.Better decision making on environmental issues, allow people to make a better decision to live life on earth for a longer existence. The way the Earth kit and caboodle is to create and recreate, not for human to produce and destroys nature natural habitat. The following quote Decision-making about environmental issues necessitates the maintenance of a good balance between the effectiveness of measures and the public reaction towards them. In Theresa judging mean that if human makes a valid decision on the thing that he or she hap necessary, meaning something they can not live without Only then will they know how to keep the earth and its environment clean, and the general will began to follow. When the public sees the response of them destroying the environment personally, they can read the appropriate measure it take to have others combined with the contribute to restoring andmaintain a clean environment.Los Angeles economic and environmental affect can become improved by encouraging alternative transportation, walking, and bicycle use, promoting fuel-efficient cars, improving roads and encouraging carpooling. Many hazards come from the emission of fossil fuels from the engines of cars, by implementing the use of people not using their cars or making fuel efficient vehicles, it helps improve the inconvenience use of vehicles. When the growth of population becomes larger, more people require unnecessary materialistic items, like cars, technology, and material that cut into the field and push down trees from growing. Animals fit to get pushed out their habitats, and the earth begin to become small on their en vironmental structure. If Los Angeles complete or clean up their street, it may cost a profit, but it is a reduction in car accidents, better bicycling paths for bicyclist, and a cleaner environment so humans can respect and take care.ReferenceAnalysis shows promoting fuel efficient cars will keep fuel costs from draining illinois economy. (2011). merriment Close Up, Retrieved September 14, 2014, from http//search.proquest.com/docview/864596179?accountid=458Botkin, D.B. and Keller,E.A. 2010. Environmental Science Earth as a Living Planet seventh Edition. Hoboken John Wiley Sons.Reynolds, C., et al. (2009). The Impact of Transportation Infrastructure on Bicycling Injuries and Crashes A Review

Imitation Plato and Aristotle Essay Example for Free

faux Plato and Aristotle EssayIntroduction Plato and Aristotle are two famous literary critics in ancient Greece. Aristotle is Platos student. They entirely agree that trick is a form of simulated. However, their attitudes towards mimicry are profoundly different. Plato claims that verse line is pitiable and meritless because it is mere imitation and may have bad influence on human beings. Instead, though Aristotle admits that poetry is imitation, he thinks that it is all flop and even true(p). He also explains that imitation of life should be valued rather than discounted (Plato and Aristotle). This paper is to discuss the different understandings of Plato and Aristotle on imitation. caricature of Plato Plato thinks that poetry is a form of imitation. However, he is deep suspicious of the arts because, in his view, they stir to the emotions rather than to the intellect (Michael). He thinks that this imitation is far removed from the reality and it is sole(prenom inal) a plucky. As a result, it is worthless and bad. He also claims that imitation in cataclysm atomic number 50 have a bad influence on human beings.As he says in The majority rule, a strong imitation stinker spelunk the stability of even the best mankind by making us feel sad, depressed, and lamenting astir(predicate) life itself. Firstly, Plato claims that an imitation is at triplet steps removed from the reality or rectitude of something (Plato and Aristotle on Art as Imitation). In Platos opinion, knowledge of accuracy and knowledge of good are virtually inseparable. If there is no truth, there is no good too. As a result, he counsels rejection of the physical in favor of embracing reason in an abstract, intellectual, and ultimately more human, existence (Stephen).Plato thinks that the macrocosm of appearance does non really represent the reality because in his opinion, it is the forms which can only represent the shopping centre of the land. The tangible worl d is imperfect because there are many kinds of appearance scarcely there is only one thing that is trueidea. As a result, art widens the gap in the midst of truth and the world of appearances (Stephen). We can incur that from his book The Republic. In keep back X of The Republic, Platos prolocutor Socrates says that there are plug of tables and fork overs in the world, save there are only two ideas or forms of themone of a bed and the other of a table.He also says that the makers of the table and the bed make them for our use according to the ideas, but no artificer can make the ideas themselves. Worse still, panthers draw a bed or a table according to the ones made by the artificers. As a result, Socrates concludes that imitative art is at three steps far removed from authentic reality (Michael). There is a sentence that can intumesce show Plato opinion, the tangible fruit of any human labor is an indistinct expression of truth (Plato, Book X). From this sentence, we can s ee that in Platos opinion, art as an imitation is irrelevant to what is real.Secondly, Plato also thinks that artists disco biscuit slide fastener central and meaningful in their imitation. As a result, he concludes that imitation is only a kind of spicy. Here is the good evidence, in The Republic Socrates concludes that imitation is a kind of game and not something to be taken seriously. He explains that such(prenominal) imitation is disengaged from the realm of knowledge and truth-testing entirely, constituting an autonomous, arbitrary game onto itself (Bo). Plato thinks that imitation is a game because it engages only the appearance rather than the truth.He mentions in his book The Republic that imitation is far removed from the truth, for it touches only a small part of each thing and a part that is itself only an image. And that, it seems, is why it can produce e realthing. He uses the painter as an example. He says that the painter is not the maker of things, but the imita tor of which others have made. Thirdly, Plato claims that a good imitation can undermine the stability of even the best populace by making us feel sad, depressed, and sorrowful about life itself (Plato and Aristotle on Art as Imitation).In Platos opinion, imitation may airs a challenge to philosophy and even can have a bad influence on mess because imitation can be ill-advised, and false imitation can mislead people. No way out art is perfect in its imitative process or art is flawed, it is not only worthless, but also a challenge to truth in general (Stephen). In The Republic, Plato writes that The power which poetry has of harming the good (and there are very few who are not harmed) is surely an awful thing.Here, we can see that he suggests that art is a potential danger to society. As a result, Platos critique of artas imitation is linked to a negative appraisal of its social utility Art is dangerous, for its appeal to the irrational distracts us from the legitimate claims of reason (Bo). As it was mentioned above, we can see that Plato admits that art is imitation.However, he is deeply suspicious of the arts because he thinks that firstly, an imitation is removed from the reality or truth of something secondly, it offers nothing important and meaningful thirdly, imitation can have a bad influence on human beings. As a result, he concludes that imitation is worthless and even bad.Imitation of Aristotle Aristotle is Platos student. However, he holds a very different attitude towards imitation. Aristotle also admits that art is imitation, but according to him, this kind of imitation is all right and even good. He explains that firstly, imitation is a creative process of selection, translation, and transformation from one media to another (Stephen). Secondly, tragedy can be a form of education that provides virtuous insight and fosters excited growth and a successful tragedy even produces a catharsis in the audience (Michael).Thirdly, he also perspectiv e that imitation is natural to humans from childhood (Plato and Aristotle on Art as Imitation). Firstly, in Aristotles opinion, imitation is a creative process of selection, translation, and transformation from one media to another. Plato claims that imitation is far removed from the truth or is only a small part of truth. However, Aristotle thinks that imitation can reflect the truth in a better way because it is a creative process. agree to Aristotle, the world exists in an infinitely several(a) series of split human beings can have a good knowledge about these parts by observation and scrutiny (Stephen).As a result, different from Platos opinion that artists offer nothing important and meaningful in their imitation, Aristotle concludes that artists are makers, selecting certain details, excluding others, giving a work its particular shape, not a deceitful scribe (Stephen). Here, we can see that according to Aristotle, imitation is a distillation of widely distributed truths f rom contingent, merely and particular facts rather than an arbitrary game because to submit something to literary imitation is not in the least to attempt to be true to itsappearance, although it is an attempt to be true to its truth (Bo).Secondly, to Aristotle, imitation such as tragedy can be a form of education that provides moral insight and fosters emotional growth and a successful tragedy even produces a catharsis in the audience. According to Plato, imitation can be a danger to the society because imitation can be false and false imitation can mislead people. However, to Aristotle, imitation such as tragedy can be a form of education that provides moral insight and fosters emotional growth (Plato and Aristotle on Art as Imitation).Aristotle even characterizes tragedy as effecting the catharsis of pity and fear in his Poetics because with tragedy as the catalyst, people will develop their knowledge of good. As a result, we can see that Aristotle treats imitation as an good en deavor rather than a danger to the society (Stephen). Thirdly, Aristotle also thought that imitation is natural to humans from childhood and imitation makes human beings different from other living creatures. We can find the evidence in his Poetics.In this book, he mentions that the instinct of imitation is implanted in man from childhood, one difference between him and other animals being is that he is the most imitative of living creatures, and through imitation learns his earliest lesson. From his description, we can see that in Aristotles opinion, human beings begin imitating as early as when they are children. Imitation not only enables human beings to gain knowledge about the world, but also makes human beings a distinctive creature. As it was mentioned above, we can see that Aristotle holds a very different attitude towards imitation from Platos.According to Aristotle, imitation is a creative process and a form of moral education. It is also natural to humans from childhood a nd imitation makes human beings different from other living creatures. As a result, he concludes that imitation is all right and even good. It should also be valued rather than discounted Conclusion Though both Plato and Aristotle are two famous literary critics in ancient Greece almost at the same season and they all admit that art is a form of imitation, their attitudes towards imitation are very different.Plato claims that poetry is worthless and bad because firstly, it is far removed from the truth or idea secondly, it is mere imitation and just a game thirdly, it can have a bad influence on people however, Aristotle thinks that imitation is all right and even good because firstly, imitation is a creative process secondly, it is a form of moral education thirdly, It is natural to humans from childhood. Works Cited Aristotle. Poetics. 11 November, 2007. . Bo Earle. Plato, Aristotle, and the imitation of reason. Philosophy and Literature. October, 2003 382. Michael Moor. An intro duction to Plato and Aristotle and their significance to the playacting arts. 6 October, 2007. http//web. ukonline. co. uk/michaelmoor/an_introduction_toplato_andari. htm Plato and Aristotle. 25 October, 2005. . Plato and Aristotle on Art as Imitation (Mimesis). 8 November, 2007. . Plato. Republic. Peking China brotherly Sciences Publishing House, 1999. Stephen Conway. Plato, Aristotle, and Mimesis. 8 November, 2007. .

Skeletal and Muscular System Relationship Essay Example for Free

Skeletal and Muscular System Relationship EssayPinak Patel frame of reference and Physiology Professor Jargen December 14, 2011 Skeletal System and Muscular System In anatomy and physiology we study the social harmoniumization of living things and the get going of living constitutions. In physiology, the scientific method is applied to determine how varied organisms, organ clays, organs, cells, and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical function that they have in the living system. both(prenominal) anatomy and physiology atomic number 18 subcategories of biology. Throughout our class we have discussed many assorted systems of the body. One system that is rattling chief(prenominal) to the human body is the muscular system, which consists of three different types of muscleman weave. Along with the muscular system is the senseless system, which consists of the bones and the different types of tissue it contains. Both of these systems have many different funct ions, and can be interconnected unneurotic. These two systems swear out together and they form the musculoskeletal system. The muscular system consists of three different types of muscle tissue and it has four different functions. The muscular system also encompasses many properties.The three different types of muscle tissues it includes be skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and fine-tune muscle. The skeletal muscles main function is to move the bones of the skeleton. This muscle is voluntary and is also striated, meaning that it is striped, which is due to the muscle fibers that atomic number 18 unite into parallel fibers. Some of these muscles can be controlled unknowningly. For example, the diaphragm of the human body continues to alternately contract and let up while we are asleep, allowing our lungs to expand to breathe. The cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart.It is standardized to the skeletal muscle in that it is striated, but it is also different in that it is involuntary. The smooth muscle tissue can be found within the walls of the digestive tract, line of reasoning vessels, and airways of the respiratory system. This tissue is nonstriated, which means that it is not striped and the fibers are not arranged into parallel orderly bands like the skeletal and cardiac muscle. The smooth muscle tissue is also involuntary. The muscular system has four key functions. It mothers body movements, and stabilizes the body positions, for example, it holds muscle contraction of the neck uscles that hold ones head upright. Another function of the muscle tissue is that it is the storange and transit of substances within the body skeletal muscle contractions move lymph throughout the body, and help return blood to the heart. The utmost function of the muscle tissue is that it helps to maintain ones posture. Each skeletal tissue is make of hundreds of thousands of cells called muscle fibers. The fascia is a component of connective tissue and it is a broad sheet of hempen connective tissue that surrounds and supports muscles and other organs.The external part is the deep fascia that consists of theee layers of connective tissue. The epimysium is the outermost later that encircles the entire muscle. The perimysium surrounds groups of ten to hundereds or more one-on-one muscle fibers, seperating those into bundles called fasicles. Then there is the endomysium, which seperates each individual muscle fiber. The nerve and blood cut of the muscle tissue consists of arteries, veins, and nerves that run together. there are somatic motor neurons that stimulate the muscles to contract.These neurons begin in the brain or spinal cord and go forward by an axon to a group of skeletal muscle fibers. All in all, the skeletal muscle tissue contains many vital things, in order for everything to work properly. The skeletal system has many functions as well, just like the muscular system. The skeletal system has six different functions sup port, protection, assistance in movement, mineral homeostasis, blood cell production, and triglyceride storage. Unlike the muscular system, posture is not a function of the skeletal system. in that respect are also four types of cells that are present in bone tissue. The first type of cells is the osteogenic cells, which are unspecialized stem cells that are the only bone cells that divide. Another type of cells is the osteoblasts, which are the bone grammatical construction cells known as the immature bone cells. Then, there are the osteocytes, which are the mature bone cells and are the main cells in the bone. They exchange nutrients and wastes with the blood, which help maintain the bones normal metabolism.Finally, the osteoclasts, which are the cells that drop powerful lysosomal enzymes and acids that break down the matrix (resorption). The bone tissue also has nerve and blood supply that also consists of arteries and veins. Although one can claim that there cant be much inter -relation with the skeletal and muscular system, there are some relations to be made. First of all, vertebrates move by the actions of muscles on bones. Therefore, tendons attach many skeletal muscles across joints, allowing muscle contration to move the bones across the joint.Muscles generally work in pairs to produce movement when one muscle flexes or contracts, the other relaxes. Next, the skeleton and muscles function together as the musculoskeletal system. This system is often treated as two separate systems, the muscular, and skeletal plays an important homeostatic role allowing humans to move to more favorable conditions. Certain cells in the bones produce immune cells as well as important cellular components of the blood. Therefore, bone also helps to regulate blood calcium levels, serving as a calcium sink.Finally, the rapid muscular contraction is important in generating internal heat, which is another important function that can relate to bone tissue as well. There are ma ny important systems that we study in anatomy and physiology. The skeletal system and muscular system are just two of them. Both of these systems have many functions that can be studied in depth. Although there are quite a few systems that arent very comparable, these two systems make an exception. In conclusion, both of these systems, bones and muscles, work together in many ways and can be inter-related to a certain degree.

Heart of Darkness Essay Example for Free

partiality of Darkness EssayThe schoolmistress was always considered primitive and did not establish civilised after being with Kurtz, showing she had strength to stay who she was and not be influenced by the blanched man, as many black people were. Her function on Kurtz, however, was far too great and he could not help but be influenced by this wild woman and also by the country, in which she lived. Kurtz was also influenced and changed by the power of Africa.He could expect control over the natives but he would neer be able to succumb to the heart of darkness. The mistress, herself was actually a representation of Africa like the wilderness itself which emphasises her power and compares it to that of her land into which even white men were afraid to venture too deep. When Marlow looked at a routine of Africa he described the Congo river as looking like a snake.This again get ins the audience match back to Adam and Eve. A snake which symbolised the devil convinced E ve to tempt Adam. So by dint of this we can see that the mistress received some of her power through a greater source. Her softness to speak makes readers think of her as more animal and primitive but this just adds to her mystery and makes her come along more like Africa and at one with the power in it. the immense wilderness, the colossal body of the fat and mysterious life seemed to look at her, pensive, as though it had been looking at the image ofits birth tenebrous and passionate soul. Emphasising these three characters power, Conrad aims a contrasting character for comparison. This character is Kurtzs intended who was really much(prenominal) opposite to the other females, in particular Kurtzs mistress. This woman was a ordinary Victorian fantasy This good hair, this pale visage, this pure brow her forehead, smooth and white her fair hair seemed to catch all the remain light in a glimmer of gold. She is the type of woman any British man would want.The use of words such as fair, white, smooth and pure conveys her as being innocent and good and she was never spoken about in a sexual way- she seemed not to have any sexuality- which is a very powerful attribute to have. Someone with these characteristics is usually not very powerful. Also her background she is British and British women were often marginalised from power or authority due to males values so too would she be- she is no censure to this- more like an example of it. A year after Kurtzs death she still mourned him and tells Marlow I have survived. This tells readers she finds it hard to like without Kurtz- she is finding it hard to find the power to struggle on. Then when Marlow lie downs to her about Kurtzs brave words- readers are aware that he is does not believe she has enough strength (power) to handle that kind of truth. This lie is made to maintain womens great and saving illusion. For this powerless woman Marlow wants to help (her/women) to stay in that gorgeous cosmos of t heir own This is contrasted with the other three powerful women as they were not in that beautiful world of their own.The aunt was almost in a mans world- finding power from others in high places. The knitting women were stand for as being in the after world having power over peoples lives and guarding the door of Darkness indeed having the power (like the men believed they had over women) of deciding who could come in to their world and who could not. Then there was the mistress her personality and her world was the complete opposite to the intended (who was the representation of powerless).The mistress was considered wild, very sexual and uncivilised, subsisting in an almost animal world obtaining her power from nature. The typical woman in the novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, is represented as not possessing much or any power.This is seen through the eye of a man therefore women are marginalised. They are excluded from the bulk of the story but when they do make an appearance, the aunt, the knitting women and the mistress all convey some sort of amazing power that is not typical to Marlows views and that men (of those times) do not consider or want women to have. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Joseph Conrad section.

Describe Scene Essay Example for Free

Describe chance endeavorCameran Highlands is accessible by road. Cameran Highlands is about a 3 hours drive either from KL or Penang Its strategical location makes it a favourite weekened escape for cityfolk/ city-dwellers from all over the coutry. It is a popular haunt for twain local and foreign tourists to let their hair down. For those who are faint-heated the ride on the steep, narrow roads digest be quite an unnerving experience as there are numerous hairpin bends along the route from Simpang Pulai. After about a three-hour ride in Dads Pajero, we finally reached Kampung Raja. We could spirit the goose-pimples on our arms. We had to put on our jackets to keep ourselves warm. Standing about 1400 metres above sea level, this hill amend is certainly an ideal retreat for city dwellers like us who long to get away from scorch tropical heat. Besides, its high altitude together with its invigorating coolness lead leave a psyche refreshed and is the ideal place for the rat-race and the hustle and bustle of city life.Read AlsoDescriptive Essay RubricOn our journey to Tanah Rata, we s overhaulped at a scenic lake. Although the chilly weather and frost water will make us to think twice about whether or not to take over our swimming wear, we can enjoy the solitude of nature with only the swish swashing of the gurgling water to disturd us. Thus, in provoke of the cold weather, my little sister, my brother and I could not resist the urge to jump into the water and spill around. Hardly a minute in the ice cold water and we were out again, teeth chattering. At Tanah rata, we checked into a motel. As in brief as we had dumped our luggage in our rooms, we went out again. The street in which our motel was situated had a fine vista of a sprawling town against a backdrop of extravagant greenery. At that moment , We felt ravenously hungry, Hence, we settled for a sumptuous meal of nasi kandar.Undeniably, the number of eateries that pass on sprung up is in deed alarming. Satiated, we turned in for the night. We put on the appropriate gear and headed for Gunung Beremban for an hour of jungle-trekking. Hikers will certainly enjoy traversing the jungle paths, for they are well-maintained and easy to follow. If you find the jungle trails a little monotonous, the blossoms of brilliantly coloured wild flowers along the way will provide an interesting diversion. My mother, who is extremely afraid of heights, was soon down on all fours, not daring to look down and yelling at the top of her voice. It was such a rib-tickling sight. Our next destination was a tea plantation.

Translation and Technology Essay Example for Free

version and Technology Essay content itemisation of visualises, Tables and Boxes Series Editors Preface Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations mental hospital 1 Definition of Terms Machine description Human-aided tool r terminalition Machine-aided humankind edition Human version The location industry polish 2 reading Studies and variant Technology deracination guess Academic and professional groups in variant lingual theories in auto edition organizations rendition studies The commentary military operation Conclusion 3 Machine. interpreting schemas major(ip) historical developments Architectures Hybrid and interactive railcar transmutation systems Online work reading systems commercial message appliance interlingual rendition systems Reasons for apply elevator car commentary systems Conclusion vii ix xii xiv xvi 1 6 8 11 13 14 19 20 22 22 26 30 36 43 55 57 58 66 84 85 87 89 91 viii Contents. 4 Computer-Aided Translation Tools and Re addresss Workben ches Translation support tools and resources Localization tools Commercial computer-aided interpreting tools commonplaces for entropy riff Conclusion 5 Evaluating Translation Tools Machine deracination systems Computer-aided translation tools Stakeholders Evaluation methods habitual frame hold outs for evaluating translation tools Conclusion 6 recent Developments and Future Directions Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Translation systems with run-in engineering science.Translation systems for minority run-ins Translation on the web Machine translation systems and the semantic web The mending industry Conclusion 7 Translation Types Revisited Relationships in the midst of topics and translation types Machine translation systems Computer-aided translation tools Conclusion Appendices References Index 93 93 106 113 117 119 128 129 129 131 133 135 139 151 152 152 156 157 162 164 166 170 171 172 173 191 193 195 197 204 218 List of calculates, Tables and Boxes Figures 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 2. 6 2. 7 2. 8 2. 9 2. 10 2. 11 2. 12 2. 13 3. 1 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 6 3. 7 3. 8 3. 9.Classification of translation types Machine translation place Machine translation system based on usage Human-aided form translation model Machine-aided human translation model Chronology of translation theories Translation process model physical exertion of sentence representations Holmes schema of translation studies.A schema of employ translation studies A model of the translation process including pre- and post-editing tasks Example of an incline SL school text edition and its pre-edited version unedited and post-edited Spanish utensil translation output Example of natural and controlled languages Example of original incline text and its AECMA simplified position version Example of natural English, simplified English and simplified Arabic texts Example of an English controlled language text and its translations Illu stration of the translation process employ a motorcar translation system.Chronology of machine translation development Example of structural representations Machine translation architectures Direct translation model Interlingua model Interlingua multilingual machine translation system model Transfer model Transfer using tree-to-tree parsing Transfer multilingual machine translation system model ix 7 9 10 12 13 23 29 31 37 42 43 44 46 48 50 51 53 54 58 68 68 70 72 72 74 75 76 x List of Figures, Tables and Boxes 3. 10 3. 11 3. 12 3. 13 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 4. 9 4. 10 4. 11 4. 12 4. 13 4. 14 4. 15 4. 16 4. 17 4. 18 4. 19 4. 20 4. 21 4. 22 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 5. 4 5. 5 6. 1 6. 2.Statistical-based model Probabilities work flow in the statistical-based woo shot Example-based model Translations by online machine translation systems Example of HTML code in a web page Example of the web page without HTML code Example of a translation workflow using a translation memory syst em Example of an English source text Pre-translation 1 Database model in translation memory systems Reference model in translation memory systems.Flowchart to illustrate how to build a par all toldel corpus Example of a text header in a corpus Example of part-of-speech tagging Example of a concordance for the word obese Types of tool manipulationd in a localization project Example of the translation process using a machine translation system, a translation database and a terminology database Example of TMXdata-sharing Example of a header in TMX.Example of a body in TMX Example of a header in TBX Example of a body in TBX Example of XLIFF in the localization process Example of a header in XLIFF Example of a body in XLIFF Example of an alternate translation constituent in XLIFF Example of a glass-box evaluation Example of a black-box evaluation Example of an evaluation process Standardization projects for evaluating machine translation systems EAGLES general evaluation framework Fut ure- intake model of translation technology.Speech technology in translation 78 80 81 87 99 99 102 102 103 103 104 109 110 111 112 114 117 great hundred 121 122 124 125 126 127 127 127 138 139 141 142 145 154 158 Tables 1. 1 3. 1 An example of a table for describing translation types Example of a word entry in KAMI 8 67 List of Figures, Tables and Boxes xi 3. 2 3. 3 3. 4 4. 1 4. 2 4. 3 4. 4 4. 5 4. 6 4. 7 4. 8 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 7. 4 7. 5 7. 6 7. 7 7. 8 7. 9 7. 10 7. 11 7. 12 7. 13 7. 14 7. 15 7. 16 7. 17 7. 18 7. 19 7. 20.Imitation in the example-based approach Semantic similarity in the example-based approach Classification of commercial machine translation systems Example of perfective aspect matching Examples of fuzzy matching Higher and lower threshold percentages for fuzzy matching Examples of matching suggestions for relegate Example of segments Example of translation units Example of English-French translation units from a database.Classification of commercial computer-aided t ranslation tools form of automation Human intervention Integrated tools Application of theory Application of theory in machine translation systems Source-language texts Target-language texts Stages of the translation process Types of text Language dependency Types of source language Data interchange standards in translation Translation groups.and data interchange standards Levels of evaluation Methods of evaluation Features in a machine translation system Language coverage in machine translation systems Texts and computer-aided translation tools Language dependency in computer-aided translation tools Number of languages in computer-aided translation tools 82 82 88 95 96 97 98 100 101 102 118 174 175 175 176 177 178 180 181 182 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 193 194 194 195 Boxes 1. 1 5.1 A translator at work FEMTI evaluation framework 14 147 Series Editors Preface Recent years have witnessed momentous changes in the study of Modern Languages, globally as well as nationally. On the u nity hand, the rapid growth of English as a universal lingua franca has rendered the omit of other languages a less compelling commodity.On the other hand, the demand for intercultural mediators including translators and interpreters has grown as a result of m whatsoever recent social, political and economic developments these include legislative changes, the emergence of supranational organisations, the restraint of travel, tele communication theory, commercial pressures raising aw argonness of local needs, migration and employment mobility, and a heightened aw arness of lingual and human rights.Today, lingually oriented students wishing to pursue a c areer in which they are able to further their invade in languages and cultures would be more inclined to choose vocationally relevant courses in which translation and interlingual rendition play an historic part rather than traditional Modern Language degrees. Thus the possibilities for professional work in translation and interp reting have been broaden, evently as a result of developments in technology, whether as facilitating the translation process or as a means of dissemination and broadening access to communications in a range of media.The role of translation is, for example, becoming increasingly important in the scope of modern media overmuch(prenominal) as television and cinema, whether for documentary or entertainment purposes.And the technological possibilities for providing interpreting services, whether to the law of nature officer on the beat or to the businessperson on a contrasting continent, have extended the previously physi visity confined nature of mediating the spoken word. Not only do these new vistas subject up opportunities for the professional linguist, they in addition point to expanding areas of question in Translation and Interpreting Studies. Practice and theory are of mutual benefit, particularly in the episode of a relatively young discipline such as Translation Stu dies.As a result, the first amaze of this serial publication, written primarily for the MA and in advance(p) undergraduate student, is to high-pitchedlight contemporary issues and concerns in order to provide informed, theoretically based, accounts of developments in translation and interpretation.The second base aim is to provide ready access for students interested in the study and pursuit of Modern Languages to xii Series Editors Preface xiii vocational issues which are of relevance to the contemporary world of translating and interpreting. The final aim is to offer informed updates to practising professionals on recent developments in the field impacting on their discipline.Linguistic, Culture and Translation Studies University of Surrey Guildford UK GUNILLA ANDERMAN MARGARET ROGERS Acknowledgements I am indebted to three individuals for their contri onlyions. This obtain would have interpreted more time to complete if it had non been for Chooi Tsien Yeo who researched bac kground t from each oneing for me.Words can non express my gratitude to Stephen Moore, in between translation deadlines, for putting his experiences as a professional translator into writing. I am extremely indebted to Paul Marriott for his comments and suggestions, particularly on fortune to visualize a new way to depict the multidimensional classification of translation types in Chapter 7.I would like to acknowledge especially the Duke University Libraries and Institute of Statistics and Decision Science at Duke University in providing me with the environment and research facilities where or so of this book was written. Also my thanks to the National University of Singapore Libraries, George Edward subroutine library at the University of Surrey, and the Department of Statistics and actuarial Science at the University of Waterloo for their help.I would likewise like to acknowledge the following authors, publishers and organizations for allowing the use of copyright tangible in this book John Hutchins, Harold Somers and Elsevier (Academic Press Ltd) for the classification of translation types in Chapter 1 Eugene Nida and the Linguistic beau monde of America for the translation process in Chapter 2 John Smart and Smart Communications, Inc.for the controlled and simplified English samples in Chapter 2 Francis Bond and Takefumi Yamazaki for the KAMI MalayEnglish dictionary entry in Chapter 3 Paolo Dongilli and Johann Gamper for the edifice of a parallel corpus in Chapter 4 Tony Jewtushenko and Peter Reynolds of OASIS for XLIFF in Chapter 4 Enrique de Argaez at Internet World Stats for the statistical figure on the Internet population in Chapter 6 Michael Carl, Reinhard Schaler, Andy Way, springing cow Science and Business Media, and Kluwer Academic Publishers for the model of the future use of translation technology in Chapter 6.To Antonio Ribeiro, Tessadit Lagab, Margaret Rogers and Chooi Tsien Yeo, my most sincere thanks for translating from English int o Portuguese, French, German and Chinese respectively. I am solely responsible for any translation errors that occurred. A special thank you goes to Elsie Lee, Shaun Yeo, Angeliki Petrits, Mirko Plitt and Ken Seng Tan for answering rough of my queries. xiv Acknowledgements xvTo Caroline, Elizabeth, Gillian and Lyndsay, thank you for helping out with keying in corrections on the earlier drafts. Lastly, to my sifu and friend Peter Newmark, a big thank-you for all the translation discussions we had during our coffeebiscuit sessions years ago.If it had not been for the series editors, Gunilla Anderman and Margaret Rogers, this book would not have been written. I am forever grateful to both of them for their feedback and comments. Thanks to Jill Lake of Palgrave Macmillan for her patience and understanding collect to my country-hopping from Southeast Asia to North America during the writing of this book. Waterloo, Canada CHIEW KIN QUAH List of Abbreviations.ACRoTERMITE AECMA AIA ALPAC ALPS ALT-J/C ALT-J/E ALT-J/M AMTA ASCC ASD ATA BASIC BLEU BSO CAT CAT2 CESTA CFE CIA CICC CRATER CTE CULT DARPA DBMT DIPLOMAT DLT DTS EAGLES EARS EDIG nomenclature of Telecommunications European connective of Aerospace Industries Aerospace Industries draw of America robotlike Language bear on Advisory Committee willing Language Processing system Automatic Language Translator Japanese to Chinese Automatic Language.Translator Japanese to English Automatic Language Translator Japanese to Malay Association of Machine Translation in the Americas Automatic Spelling Checker Checker AeroSpace and demur American Translators Association British American Scientific outside(a), Commercial Bilingual Evaluation Understudy Buro voor Systeemontwikkeling Computer-Aided Translation Constructors, Atoms and Translators Campagne dEvaluation de Systemes de Traduction Automatique Caterpillar Fundamental English aboriginal Intelligence position Center of International Cooperation for Computeriza tion Corpus Resources and Terminology Extraction Caterpillar.Technical English Chinese University Language Translator Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Dialogue-based Machine Translation Distributed talented Processing of Language for Operational Machine Aided Translation Distributed Language Translation Descriptive Translation Studies Expert Advisory Group on Language Engineering Standards Effective, Affordable Reusable Speech-to-Text European Defence Industries Group xvi List of Abbreviations xvii.ELDA ELRA ENGSPAN ENIAC EURODICAUTUM EUROSPACE EUROTRA EVALDA EWG FAHQT/FAHQMT FEMTI GENETER GETA HAMT HICATS HT HTML IAMT IATE INTERSECT ISI ISLE ISO JEIDA JEITA JICST-E KAMI KANT KGB LDC LISA LMT LTC LTRAC MAHT MANTRA MARTIF Evaluations and Language resources Distribution Agency European Language Resources Association English Spanish Machine Translation System Electronic quantitative Integrator and Computer European.Terminology Database Aerospaceand Defence Industries Associa tion of Europe European Translation Infrastructure dEVALuation a ELDA Evaluation Working Group Fully Automatic High Quality (Machine) Translation A Framework for the Evaluation of Machine Translation in ISLE Generic Model for Terminology Groupe dEtude pour la Traduction Automatique Human-Aided/Assisted Machine Translation Hitachi Computer Aided Translation System Human Translation HyperText Markup Language International Association of Machine Translation Inter-Agency Terminology Exchange International Sample of English Contrastive.Texts International Statistical Institute International Standards for Language Engineering International cheek for Standardization Japan Electronic Industry Development Association Japan Electronics and learning Technology Association Japan Information Center of Science and Technology Kamus Melayu-Inggeris (Malay-English Dictionary) Knowledge-based Accurate Translation Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopasnosti Linguistic Data puddle Localisation Industry and Standards Association Logic-based Machine Translation Language Technology Centre Language Translation Resources Automatic Console Machine-Aided/Assisted Human Translation Machine Assisted Translation Machine decipherable Terminology Interchange change xviii List of Abbreviations.MASTOR MAT METAL METU MLIR MT NAATI NIST OASIS OCP OCR OLIF OS OSCAR PaTrans PAHO PDA PESA RDF RFC SALT SGML SPANAM SUSY SYSTRAN TAP TAUM TBX TEMAA TGT-1 THETOS TMF TMX TOLL TONGUES TS TTS Multilingual Automatic Speech-to-Speech Translator Machine-Aided/Assisted Translation Mechanical Translation and Analysis of Language Middle East Technical University MultiLingual Information recovery Machine.Translation National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters Ltd. National Institute of Standards and Technology Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards Oxford Concordance Programme Optical Character Recognition Open Lexicon Interchange Format Operating System Open Stand ards for Container/Content Allowing Re-use PatentTranslation Pan-American Health Organization Personal Digital Assistant Portuguese-English meter Alignment Resource Description Framework Request for Comments Standards-based Access to Lexicographical Terminological Multilingual Resources Standard Generalised Markup.Language Spanish American Machine Translation System Saarbrucker UbersetzungsSYstem System Translation Think-Aloud Protocols Traduction automatique a lUniversite de Montreal TermBase eXchange Testbed Study of Evaluation Methodologies Authoring Aids Text-into-Gesture Translator Text into Sign Language Automatic Translator for Polish Terminological Markup Framework Translation Memory eXchange Thai On-Line Library Act II Audio Voice Translation Guide Systems Translation Studies Theoretical Translation Studies List of Abbreviations xixWebDIPLOMAT WebOnt WWW W3C XLIFF XLT XML Web Distributed Intelligent Processing of Language for Operational Machine Aided Translation Web Onto logy World Wide Web WWW Consortium XML Localisation Interchange File Format XML Representation of Lexicons and Terminologies Extensible or Extensive Markup Language This page intentionally left blank Introduction For over half a century, the demand for a variety of translations by different groups of end-users has enabled many types of translation tools to be developed. This is mull overed in the systems that will be discussed in this book, ranging from machine translation systems, computer-aided translation tools and translation resources.The bulk of books and articles on translation technology centering on the development of these systems and tools have been written from the point of befool of researchers and developers. More recent publications written with translators in mind have focuse on the use of particular tools. This book is intended as an introduction to translation technology for students of translation. It can also be multipurpose to professional translators and th ose interested in knowing about translation technology. A different approach is taken in that descriptions of particular tools are not provided, and the development of different machine translation and computer-aided translation tools and their uses are discussed.Programming details and mathematical equations are not considered, except in the discussion of the statistical approach to machine translation where minimal essential formulae are include. Descriptions are given to allow readers to further check out specific approaches or issues that might interest them, using references cited throughout the book. It is also important to note that no particular approach or design is deemed to be better than any other. Each and all(prenominal) one has their strengths and weaknesses. In many cases, readers will find that examples of systems and tools are given but this does not suggest that they are the best they are simply examples to illustrate the points made. 1 2 Translation and Technol ogyWhile researching this book, I discovered that the majority of publications from the literature on translation technology are about the development of machine translation systems, primarily involving experimental systems developed or being developed at a bod of universities and large commercial corporations across the globe. The book will target that many of these systems never achieved their commercial potential difference and remained as experimental tools, while some others served as tools for other natural-language processing applications. By contrast, not much literature perk upms to be available on computeraided tools such as translation memory systems.As we shall see in this book, most computer-aided translation tools are developed by commercial companies and, as a result, progress reports on these tools are rarely published in the public domain. Furthermore, to cater to different needs and demands, a tool like a translation memory system comes in many versions from th e most sanctioned to the most advanced. Insights into the use of these tools can be assemble in translator magazines and occasionally also affix on the World Wide Web (WWW). The evaluation of translation tools falls into a field that is wellresearched. again we will see that most of the literature focuses on the evaluation of machine translation systems.Furthermore, the extensive use of translation tools and translation processes involved in the localization industry tend to be discussed separately, giving the plan that they are not relate to translation. These two areas are, however, directly relevant to translation technology. Hence they are also included in this book. Essentially, the book contains what is felt should be included in order to provide an overview of translation technology. In order to keep the book at the given length, the topics have been carefully selected with some appoint in greater detail than others.In some chapters, an abbreviated historical backgroun d has been deemed necessary in order to provide a better understanding of the topics discussed, especially in the description of the development of machine translation systems and their evaluation.However, in all cases, references have been provided which readers may choose to pursue at a afterward time. Suggestions for further reading are provided at the end of each chapter (Chapters 1 to 6). The first chapter discusses the definitions of terms referring to the use of computers in translation activities. Some of the terms can be confusing to anyone who is unfamiliar with translation tools.In some cases, the same translation tools are given different names depending on what they are used for in other cases, a tool may be differently classified depending on the status of those who have developed that tool. Introduction 3 The aim in this chapter is therefore to clarify these terminological and related matters.An alternative perspective to the four basic translation types fully au tomated high-quality machine translation, human-aided machine translation, machine-aided human translation, and human translation first proposed by Hutchins and Somers (1992) is introduced to reflect current developments in translation technology. This will be explored in more detail in the final chapter where the four translation types are reviewed in copulation to topics described in the book.The second chapter discusses technology within the larger framework of Translation Studies as a discipline, focusing on the coincidenceship between the engineering of translation technology, on the one hand, and Translation Studies including translation theory, on the other hand. The relationship between academic and professional groups involved in translation is also examined.This in turn leads to a discussion of the involvement of a particular approach in linguistic theories known as formalisms in natural-language processing especially in the design of machine translation systems. A di fferent perspective on the translation process involving pre- and post-editing tasks using a special variety of language called controlled language is also presented.This translation process is described using the translation model proposed by Jakobson (1959/2000), a translation model that differs significantly from the one proposed by Nida (1969). The third chapter gives detailed descriptions of different machine translation system designs also known as architectures.The development of machine translation over several decades, its capabilities and the different types of machine translation systems, past and present, are also included. Both experimental and commercial systems are discussed, although the focus is on the experimental systems.Even though machine translation has been well-documented elsewhere, a discussion is deemed to be important for this book. It is felt that modern-day professional translators should be informed about machine translation systems because there is eve ry reason to believe, as we shall discover in Chapter 6, that future trends in translation technology are piteous towards integrated systems where at least one translation tool is combined with another, as is already the case in the integration of machine translation with translation memory.The fourth chapter describes the architectures and uses of several computer-aided translation tools, such as translation memory systems, as well as resources such as parallel corpora. Unlike machine translation systems, which are largely developed by universities, most computeraided translation tools are developed by commercial companies. Thus, 4 Translation and Technology information about such tools is harder to obtain. This chapter will also show that computer-aided translation tools are becoming more advanced and using different operating systems, and so standards for data interchange have been created. Three different standards are described. Currently available commercial translation tools are also discussed.In addition, this chapter presents an overview of other commercially available tools such as those used in the localization industry. The fifth chapter touches on the evaluation of translation technology. The discussion focuses on different groups of stakeholders from research sponsors to end-users. Also included in the discussion are the different methods of evaluation human, machine, and a combination of human and machine as evaluator. The choice of method used depends on who the evaluation is for and its purpose. It also depends on whether an entire tool or only some components are evaluated. Also described in this chapter is the general framework of evaluation offered by various research groups in the USA and Europe.The literature on evaluation concentrates on the evaluation of machine translation systems either during the developmental stage or after the process of development is completed. Less information is available on the evaluation of computeraided tra nslation tools. What is available is found mainly in translation journals, magazines and newsletters.The one-sixth chapter presents some recent developments and shows the direction in which translation technology is heading, in particular regarding the future of machine translation systems that are now incorporating speech technology features. The integration of speech technology and traditional machine translation systems allows translation not only between texts or between stretches of speech, but also between text and speech.This integration is proving to be useful in many specific situations around the globe especially in international relations and trade. This chapter also looks at research projects in countries that are involved in the development of translation tools for minority languages and discusses the problems encountered in developing machine translation systems for languages that are less well-known and not widely spoken.Another form of technology called the Semantic Web that has the potential to improve the movement of certain machine translation systems is also described. Included in this chapter, too, are issues such as linguistic dominance and translation demands on the WWW that are already shaping parts of the translation industry.The book concludes by presenting an expanded version of the four basic classifications of translation types as suggested by Hutchins and Somers (1992) and introduced in Chapter 1. It is cerebrate that the Introduction 5 one-dimensional linear continuum originally proposed is no longer able to accurately reflect current developments in translation technology.Translation tools today come in different versions and types depending on the purposes for which they are built. Some are multifunctional while others remain monofunctional. An alternative way must therefore be found to depict the complexities and multidimensional relationships between the four translation types and the topics discussed in this book.It is no t possible to put every single subject discussed here into one diagram or figure, and so, in order to gain a better understanding of how the issues are related to one another, they are divided into groups. Topics or issues in each group have a common theme that links them together, and are presented in a series of tables. However, it is important to bear in mind that not all topics can be presented neatly and comfortably even in this way.This clearly shows the complexity and multidimensionality of translation activities in the modern technological world. At the end of the book, several Appendices provide information on the various Internet sites for many different translation tools and translation support tools such as monolingual, bilingual, trilingual and multilingual dictionaries, glossaries, thesauri and encyclopaedia.Only a selected few are listed here, and as a result the lists are not exhaustive. It is also important to note that some Internet sites may not be permanent at t he time of the writing, every effort has been made to ensure that all sites are accessible. 1 Definition of Terms In translation technology, terms commonly used to describe translation tools are as follows machine translation (MT) machine-aided/assisted human translation (MAHT) human-aided/assisted machine translation (HAMT) computer-aided/assisted translation (CAT) machine-aided/assisted translation (MAT) fully reflexive high-quality (machine) translation (FAHQT/FAHQMT). Distinctions between some of these terms are not always clear.For example, computer-aided translation (CAT) is often the term used in Translation Studies (TS) and the localization industry (see the second part of this chapter), while the software community which develops this type of tool prefers to call it machine-aided translation (MAT). As the more familiar term among professional translators and in the field of Translation Studies, computer-aided translation is used throughout the book to represent both computer-aided translation and machine-aided translation tools, and the term aided is elect instead of assisted, as also in human-aided machine translation and machine-aided human translation. Figure 1. 1 distinguishes four types of translation relating human and machine involvement in a classification along a linear continuum introduced by Hutchins and Somers (1992 148).This classification, now more than a decade old, will become harder to harbor as more tools become multifunctional, as we shall see in Chapters 3, 4 and 6. Nevertheless, the concept in Figure 1. 1 remains useful as a point of reference for classifying translation in relation to technology. 6 Definition of Terms 7 MT CAT Machine Fully automated high quality (machine) translation (FAHQT/ FAHQMT) Human-aided machine translation (HAMT) Machine-aided human translation (MAHT) Human Human translation (HT) MT = machine translation CAT = computer-aided translation Figure 1. 1 Source Classification of translation types Hutch ins and Somers (1992) 148. The initial goal of machine translation was to build a fully self-moving high-quality machine translation that did not require any human intervention.At a 1952 conference, however, Bar-Hillel reported that building a fully automatic translation system was unrealistic and years later still remained convinced that a fully automatic high-quality machine translation system was essentially unattainable (Bar-Hillel 1960/2003 45). Instead, what has emerged in its place is machine translation, placed between FAHQT and HAMT on the continuum of Figure 1. 1. The main aim of machine translation is still to generate translation automatically, but it is no longer required that the output quality is high, rather that it is fit-for-purpose (see Chapters 2 and 3). As for human-aided machine translation and machine-aided human translation, the boundary between these two areas is especially unclear.